Sun Protection

Ads have been encouraging us to slather on sunscreen when we go to the beach since the 1940s. In those days, it used to be all about achieving the perfect tan. Thanks to modern science, we now know that the use of sunscreen can prevent the development of skin cancer. Unfortunately, it has recently been discovered that sunscreen is not as healthy as we once thought. 

Studies have shown that certain ingredients in sunscreen can lead to allergic, inflammatory, and even hormonal reactions within the human body. But humans aren’t the only species being affected by sunscreen use. Sunscreen can enter the ocean through residential waste water or by directly washing off the bodies of swimmers, leading to the accumulation of chemicals in marine environments. 

A study published in 2015 determined that oxybenzone, a chemical ingredient in most sunscreens, causes toxic effects in up to seven different coral species. Specifically, oxybenzone produces coral bleaching. When in direct contact with oxybenzone-contaminated water, once colorful corals tend to expel their algae, turn white, and become highly vulnerable to infection. It also increases the risk of genetic mutations, leading to abnormalities and malformations in baby corals.

Other animals have also been damaged. Certain species of fish and dolphin have been affected by the hormone-like qualities of oxybenzone. It mimics the structure of estrogen, leading to lower levels of fertility and male fish developing female characteristics. Additionally, sunscreen is toxic to algae, impairing its normal process of photosynthesis and growth.

These effects have been seen in many locations, including the islands of Hawaii. Not only is it home to vast and beautiful coral reefs, but it is also a popular vacation spot. This makes Hawaiian beaches especially vulnerable to contamination by these toxins. Luckily, the state of Hawaii was quick to react to the newfound evidence. In 2018, the sale and distribution of sunscreens containing oxybenzone was legally banned in the state of Hawaii. Hopefully, the marine environments of the Hawaiian islands will be able to recover with time and care.

However, does this mean we should stop protecting ourselves from the sun? Of course not! Overexposure to UV rays can cause sunburn, rob your skin of elasticity, increase your risk of skin cancer, and lead to flare-ups if you suffer from inflammatory skin conditions. Avoiding overexposure is especially important during the hours of 10am to 3pm, when UV radiation levels are at their highest. The most direct way to avoid UV radiation is to wear sunglasses, long-sleeved swimming shirts, long swimming trunks, and keep to the shade.

Another environmentally-safe and easy way to protect yourself is by modifying your diet to include high levels of antioxidants. Oxidative stress is induced by UV rays, leading to accelerated skin aging and the development of cancerous cells. Certain foods such as carrots, tomatoes, blueberries, etc. contain high levels of antioxidants, which cancel out these toxic effects. 

Polypodium Leucotomos is a South American fern that has over a dozen clinical studies related to systemic protection against ultraviolet rays. In addition, Astaxanthin is found in marine algae, fungi and some shellfish and has antioxidant as well as skin rejuvenating qualities. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the main components of green tea and a powerful antioxidant. Lutein, naturally found in spinach, kale, and pistachios is a great protector against UV-induced damage. In clinical studies, Lycopene has been shown to help repair sun-induced skin damage and is found in red fruits such as tomatoes, papayas, and watermelons. 

If you are not getting enough of these antioxidants on a daily basis, as an alternative, you can find supplements with many of these protective properties without changing your diet. 

Check out supplements with the ingredients your skin craves. Click Here

More than genetics, hormones, or pollutants, the sun is a lupus patient’s number one enemy. Any amount of unprotected exposure to the lupus sun sensitivity beams will leave a lupus patient with a red, scaly, or even painful rash.

And the sun isn’t the only thing that can incite this kind of reaction. The sun’s mere reflection across a body of water, fluorescent lights, photocopy machines, tanning beds, or any bright source of light can lead to redness and inflammation (¹).

Although lupus patients have learned to avoid the sun and wear sunscreen on a daily basis, many people still don’t understand exactly why they are so sensitive to the sun. Sadly, this only limits the treatment of their disease.

In this article, we will explain the different mechanisms involved in photosensitivity and phototoxic reactions. This knowledge is essential in order to comprehend lupus as an illness and ensure the effectiveness of its treatment. 

Lupus Sun Sensitivity and Photosensitive Mechanisms

Lupus erythematosus is actually a group of autoimmune disorders, which range from systemic to focalized and from mild to severe or life-threatening (²). Due to a mix of genetic factors and environmental agents, the body’s immune system begins to attack normal cells.

In the systemic form of the disease, white blood cells can attack many different organ systems, included but not limited to the heart, kidneys, brain, articulations, and skin (³). In the cutaneous form of the disease, the symptoms are focused mainly on the skin. Lesions can be superficial and limited to the face and heal completely after only a couple of weeks or be red, scaly, and round, lasting several months and leading to scarring and hair loss (⁴).

As you can see, lupus has many forms and manifestations. All of these variations have been proven to worsen after exposure to UV radiation (⁵).

This is due to the fact that lupus naturally produces a state of accelerated skin cell death since white blood cells begin to attack the body’s own healthy tissue, leading to inflammation and skin lesions. UVA and UVB rays only aggravate this situation.

UVB causes cytokine levels to increase as well as many other proinflammatory substances, such as interleukin‐1, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (⁶). These substances attract more white blood cells, further stimulating skin cell death and promoting the accumulation of dead or damaged cells within the dermis.

UVA also inhibits the body’s natural antioxidant pathways, thus increasing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation (⁷). Additionally, UVA has longer wavelengths that can penetrate deeper into the skin and produce direct DNA damage, marking even more healthy cells for apoptosis.

Diagnosing photosensitivity

It is important to point out that experiencing a little redness after being out in the sun is a normal reaction and doesn’t constitute as photosensitivity. A confusion surrounding this term has lead many people to being wrongly diagnosed.

Many photo-provocation studies have clearly demonstrated that the onset of true photosensitive reactions is often delayed. One study reported that over half of the reactions occurred longer than 1 week after photo-testing (⁸). It has also been shown that these reactions last several days or even up to several weeks.

You should also remember that sun sensitivity covers not only skin flare-ups but also systemic symptoms such as fatigue and joint pain (⁹).  

Photoprotection: a way of life

After viewing all of the science behind flare-ups and the phototoxic reactions lupus sun sensitivity patients experience, it is clear to see that photoprotection is the key to achieving a good quality of life.

Sun avoidance must be exercised on a daily basis. Photoprotective clothing, such as shirts will long sleeves, hats, and long hats is a must (¹⁰). Also, it is recommended for light-sensitive people to stay indoors during midday when the sun’s radiation is the most intense. This is usually from 11 in the morning to 4 in the afternoon during the summer months (¹¹).

Frequent sunscreen application should also be part of your daily routine. Broad-spectrum sunscreen is highly recommended and should be reapplied after exercise, swimming, or sweating (¹²).

Topical antioxidants are a powerful tool. Creams that contain retinoids, or vitamin A, have been proven to prevent the effects of oxidative stress and UV-damage (¹³). Applying topical vitamin E has also been shown to minimize the appearance of redness and inflammation after prolonged UV exposure (¹⁴).

Oral supplements have also become very popular in recent years in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Since UVA radiation stimulates oxidative stress, replenishing your body’s antioxidant reserve is an effective way to combat photosensitivity.

Supplements should include polyphenols, a powerful antioxidant compound, like in capsules of green tea extract, Polypodium leucotomos, or pomegranate extract (¹⁵). Vitamin supplements are also very helpful. The most beneficial vitamins for skin health are vitamin A (¹⁶), C, D (¹⁷), and E.

Lastly, you should make you’re your diet is loaded with food that is rich in antioxidants. Luckily, all brightly colored fruits and vegetables contain carotenoids, which are well-known for their antioxidative properties (¹⁸). Some foods to try include bell peppers, tomatoes, carrots, pumpkin, and all dark leafy greens.

Millions of people around the world suffer from autoimmune diseases, and one of the most common parts of the body affected by an out-of-control immune system is the skin. Several autoimmune diseases can affect the skin, such as scleroderma, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and lupus erythematosus.

As we all know, the immune system can be activated or inhibited by several factors, both internal and external to the body (¹). Scientists have actually found that the sun and its ultraviolet radiation is one of the main environmental factors that affects these diseases (²). Therefore, learning what role the sun plays in their development and how to protect yourself is a crucial step to keeping your autoimmune disorder under control. 

In this article, we will be looking at lupus and at exactly how UV radiation plays a part in its progression.

What is lupus erythematosus? 

Lupus erythematosus actually refers to a group of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy cells. Usually, there are periods of illness, called flare-ups, and periods of remission during which there are very few symptoms (³). This collection of conditions is commonly divided into two main groups:

1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, which is a chronic illness that is characterized by the involvement of multiple organ systems (⁴). It can range from mild to life-threatening, and its symptoms can include skin lesions, arthritis, renal disorder, fatigue, hematologic changes, among others (⁵).
2. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus, which chiefly affects the skin and can be subdivided based on the types of lesions.
   • Acute cutaneous lupus produces a facial rash in the shape of a butterfly across the bridge of the nose which usually lasts a couple of weeks and leaves no mark behind (⁶).
   • Discoid lupus is characterized by a red, scaly, disk-shaped rash, usually found on the face, the backs of the hands, scalp, and ears, which develops over months and can lead to scarring (⁷).

There is one similar trait among every single type of lupus and that is that these people are photosensitive. This means that exposure to the sun worsens the appearance of their skin lesions or incites flare-ups (⁸). But, why is the sun a lupus patient’s number one enemy?

What is photosensitivity?

While all humans are sensitive to the sun and even healthy skin will react if exposed to its rays for too long, photosensitivity is a term used to describe anything outside of the normal range of reactions (⁹). Photosensitivity or sun sensitivity, thus, applies to anyone who develops inflammation when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (¹⁰). 

In fact, photosensitivity is such an important factor in lupus that it triggers cutaneous flare-ups as well as systemic symptoms and is considered one of the 11 diagnostic criteria for the disease by the American College of Rheumatology (¹¹).

The mechanisms linked to photosensitivity might include: modulation of autoantibody location, cytotoxic effects, apoptosis induction, upregulation of cytokines, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor α, to name a few (¹²).

However, certain studies have shown that different types of radiation produce inflammation through different pathways (¹¹). UV radiation is divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC. For many years, it was thought that UVB was the one responsible for causing photosensitivity in lupus patients. Nowadays, it is known that both UVA and UVB radiation have a role to play in its progression (⁶).

This is, in part, caused by the UV-induced expression of certain proteins. One known protein called “Ro” is abnormally expressed on the surface of cells after the skin is exposed to UV. This protein draws white blood cells to the area, inciting them to attack healthy skin cells (⁷).

Thus, UV irradiation can cause an acceleration in the apoptosis, or programmed cell death, of skin cells and also contributes to the accumulation of apoptotic cells in the skin of lupus patients (¹³). When these dying or dead cells are not cleared from the skin properly, they trigger the release of a secondary chain of proinflammatory agents.

The distribution of skin lesions in sun-exposed areas and a delay of their onset of more than 48 hours after the exposure are both characteristic symptoms of lupus (¹⁴). Therefore, photoprotection is essential in the treatment of these patients.

How can lupus patients protect themselves from the sun?

There are many ways in which these photosensitive people can avoid the sun. They must remember to protect themselves from both UVB and UVA radiation, wear protective clothing, and apply topical broad-spectrum filters.

Lupus patients are recommended to exercise sun avoidance from 11 am to 3 pm during the summer months, as these hours include the most intense radiation (¹⁵). They would also do well to remember that car and house windows do not filter UV rays (⁶). Also, water is a reflective surface. So, staying in the shade at the beach is not a sufficient method of sun avoidance.

Another method to combat photosensitivity which has been gaining ground in recent years is the use of oral and topical antioxidants to counteract the toxic effects of UV exposure (¹⁰). For example, green tea contains polyphenols, which are naturally occurring compounds known for their antioxidant activity. One study showed that daily consumption of green tea extracts improved lupus disease activity as well as some aspects of quality of life (¹⁶).

Beta-carotene has also been shown to reduce the effects of photosensitivity. It has even been reported that an intake of 50mg of beta-carotene three times daily for merely one week is enough to see visible improvement of lupus lesions (¹⁷).

As you can see, photoprotection is a crucial step in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Wearing sunscreen, avoiding peak hours of UVR, and adding a couple of antioxidant supplements to your diet can not only improve the appearance of your skin; it can improve your quality of life.

EGCG and Hinokitiol can Help Reduce Hyperpigmentation

By Evelin Maza

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Hinokitiol Reduce Melanin Synthesis via Decreased MITF Production (¹).

How to reduce hyperpigmentation? EGCG and hinokitiol already have well-known beneficial effects on human health. EGCG, or (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the main component in green tea. Many studies have proven its effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and the development of cancer (²).

Hinokitiol, on the other hand, comes from the wood of certain trees such as cedar, and is an effective antibacterial (³). Commercially, it is used in cosmetics for hair, toothpaste, elimination of bad breath, etc.

But these two substances now have one more quality to brag about: they help prevent cosmetic problems. EGCG and hinokitiol reduce hyperpigmentation by lowering the amount of melanin found in the skin.

Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to the sun, certain hormonal issues, or even acne (⁴). The amount of pigment in your skin, as well as the color of your hair, is determined by the amount of melanin in it.

Melanin is the name given to the natural pigments found in living beings Thus, one way to avoid unsightly pigmentation is to reduce the amount of melanin produced within the skin. This is where EGCG and hinokitiol come into play in a study conducted in Korea!

Background

The process of the production of melanin, or melanogenesis, involves many proteins, enzymes, internal factors, such as the person’s immune system, as well as external factors, such as the amount of ultraviolet radiation received.

The main proteins that were studied in this trial were: tyrosinase, Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).

Tyrosinase is an enzyme which stimulates the production of melanin. Which means: the more tyrosinase, the more melanin is produced.

MITF is a protein which regulates many internal processes associated with pigmentation and the growth of melanin-producing cells. It actually stimulates the activity of tyrosinase. That is to say: the more MITF is present, the more active tyrosinase becomes, and the more melanin is produced.

Finally, ERK is a chain of proteins responsible for, among many other things, the regulation of melanogenesis (⁵). The activation of this pathway leads to less melanin; its inhibition leads to greater pigmentation.

In conclusion, in this study, these three substances were analyzed in order to determine whether EGCG and /or hinokitiol affected the production of melanin and through which specific process.

Study Summary

The material used as a substitute for human skin were Mel-Ab cells. These are lab-grown cells derived from mice which produce a lot of melanin. These cells were exposed to either EGCG, hinokitiol, or kojic acid for 4 days. Then, all of the groups were photographed with a special microscope in order to measure the amount of melanin present.

The kojic acid was used as a positive control. In other words, it has already been proven that kojic acid lowers melanin production in the skin (⁶); therefore, it would be a good point of comparison.

The viability of the cells was also analyzed after the 4-day treatment. The goal of studying this factor was to see if any of the substances used were cytotoxic. In other words, if they were harmful to the growth and development of the cells.

MITF, tyrosinase protein production, and ERK activation were also tested. Both separately and in combinations in order to see whether any of the substances had additive effects.

Results

It was proven that cells treated with EGCG, kojic acid, and hinokitiol were all less pigmented. That is to say, they contained less melanin. But, of the three, hinokitiol produced the lowest level of pigmentation.

EGCG and kojic acid, when used in combination, did not show any additive effect. How to reduce hyperpigmentation? EGCG and hinokitiol did show an even bigger hypopigmentating effect when used together, proving that these two substances function through different processes.

None of the substances (EGCG, kojic acid, and hinokitiol) had cytotoxic effects on the mice cells.

The ERK pathway was not activated by neither hinokitiol nor EGCG. But, lower amounts of MITF and tyrosinase were found after the 4-day treatment. This proves that their melanin-reducing effects are associated with these two factors!

Lastly, it was proven that hinokitiol had the strongest effect in lowering the amount of tyrosinase in the cells.

Conclusion…

To summarize, these scientists have proven that green tea offers yet another benefit for our overall health (⁷). And this time, the benefit is cosmetic! But not only that: they have also pinpointed just how these substances have these marvelous effects.

The conclusion is that EGCG and hinokitiol reduce the amount of melanin in our skin, preventing problems with hyperpigmentation. And they do so by lowering the levels of MITF and tyrosinase within our cells.

Study proves that tomatoes can protect the skin from UV radiation

By Evelin Maza, MBBS

Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study (¹).

Many studies have confirmed that excessive exposure to the sun and its ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is detrimental to healthy skin. It has been confirmed to cause skin damage, wrinkling, and even cancer (²).

But, is the use of sunscreen and avoiding too much direct sunlight our only means of protection? Not anymore.

For years, studies have analyzed the efficacy of dietary supplements as a source of skin health. Carotenoids are of particular interest (³). Carotenoids are organic pigments produced by plants, algae, some bacteria, and even certain fungi. And the most vastly studied carotenoid is beta-carotene, which is found in yellow, orange, or red fruits and vegetables, such as carrots and apricots.

Alas, negative long-term side effects have been linked to the chronic use of big amounts of beta-carotene (⁴).

Therefore, other substances have been tested, such as lycopene, lutein, and carotenoid mixtures. Some of these studies have shown that tomatoes, rich in lycopene, offer great protection from the sun when mixed with beta-carotene, as well as on its own (^{5, 6}).

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial which took place in Germany studied the standalone effects of lutein and lycopene-rich tomato supplements; and the findings were quite promising!

Study Summary

This study divided volunteers with no previous history of skin-related illnesses into 4 groups: lycopene active treatment, lycopene placebo treatment, lutein active treatment, and lutein placebo treatment.

Treatment was administered via softgel capsules. 2 capsules daily of 10 mg free lutein stabilized by 10% carnosic acid in the case of lutein and 4 capsules daily of 5 mg lycopene, as well as other tomato phytonutrients, such as phytoene and phytofluene, tocopherols and phytosterols, in the case of lycopene. With soybean oil capsules being used as placebo, as it offers the skin no protective effects against UVR.

The study consisted in 2 periods of 12-week treatments of either placebo or one of the two active agents. Each treatment period was preceded by a 2-week washout period. If a volunteer began with placebo, they were switched to an active lutein or lycopene supplement in the following treatment period, and vice versa.

Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of each period to measure the rise in carotenoid levels.

Also, the participants were exposed to UVA/B and UVA1 and had 3 biopsies extracted. One from skin that wasn’t exposed to radiation, one from UVA/B-irradiated skin, and one from UVA1-irradiated skin. This was done at the beginning and end of each 12-week treatment period, 24 hours after the exposure to radiation.

With the biopsies, the researchers were able to measure the amount of certain proteins which are linked to oxidative stress, collagen breakdown, and skin inflammation caused by UV exposure. The genes analyzed were an enzyme that produces carbon monoxide (HO-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1).

Study Highlights

This particular trial is unique for two important reasons.

For one, most of the studies about the effects of UVR on healthy skin and the protection dietary supplements may offer use UV-induced sunburn reactions or the reddening of the skin as a sign of damage caused by sunlight (⁷).

But this study used biopsies and proteins linked to oxidative stress as a new way to measure the sun’s harmful effects.

And secondly, most studies about UV damage use UVA and/or UVB radiation emitted by a solar simulator. This only covers the shortwave types of ultraviolet radiation. Thus, this study set out to also cover and analyze longwave UV radiation, or UVA1. To document its effect on the skin via he measurement of proteins and the inhibition of said effects via carotenoid supplements.

Findings: Tomatoes have protective qualities against solar skin damage

Throughout all of the volunteers, it was found that the plasmatic levels of carotenoids increased significantly. Results which were confirmed by the low levels found in the blood samples during periods of placebo intake.

Yet, they found that lycopene levels weren’t affected by the order of the treatments. But lutein levels were notably lower when administered after a 12-week period of treatment with the soybean oil capsules.

Also, the biopsies showed that exposure to UVR in all of its forms increased the expressions of the genes linked to oxidative stress.

However, the biopsies taken after periods of active lycopene or lutein supplement treatment showed a much lower activity of these genes. And both supplements show the same efficacy of protection if taken during the first period of treatment.

Also, the protective qualities of these carotenoids applied to the three different types of radiation used equally.

Although the researchers still don’t know exactly how lycopene and lutein achieve these effects, it is thought that they balance out oxidative stress (⁸).

In conclusion, these German scientists proved that lycopene and lutein protect the skin against UV-induced damage.

How can I apply these results?

To sum up, you must avoid the damage and skin ageing which excessive exposure to the sun may cause, including loss of elasticity, drying, and wrinkling. This can be achieved by modifications in your diet.

By including dietary supplements rich in lycopene, lutein, and beta-carotene, you can prevent UVR-induced skin damage and even lower your risk of cancer.

An easy way to incorporate more carotenoids into your diet is by consuming more brightly colored fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, bell peppers, corn, and bananas, among others.

The researchers state that “To ingest 20 mg lutein and 20 mg lycopene, a cup of chopped kale (130 g) and a serving (242 g) of tomato juice would be enough.”

SOURCE:

Br J Dermatol. 2017 May;176(5):1231-1240. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15080. Epub 2017 Mar 15.

Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Grether-Beck S¹, Marini A¹, Jaenicke T¹, Stahl W², Krutmann J¹.

IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Milk thistle, scientifically referred to as Silybummarianum, is a plant that originates from the Mediterranean area, before it gradually spread across the globe. The milk thistle is a purple, spiky plant that has been used for many years as a home remedy for liver disorders, gallbladder, kidneys, hepatitis, and cirrhosis among others. This is primarily because it has the potential to regenerate your liver cells, boost your immune system, and flush of toxins from your body. In addition, there are many unverified benefits about the power of milk thistle, with every person seemingly having his/her own version of the benefits. However, one question stands out, do milk thistle’s have the power to fix acne or is it just an overrated plant?

Acne (Acne Vulgaris) is the most prevalent skin condition all over the world. Many adolescents and even adults spend sleepless nights pondering how to get rid of their acne. First, a quick lesson on what acne really is. This skin condition is primarily due to the clogging of the hair follicles (1). This comes about when there is an overproduction of sebum (an oily substance that moisturizes the skin's top layer and the hairs) by the sebaceous glands. The sebum then combines with the dead skin cells, and the acne’s bacteria causes clogging of the pores. Its symptoms may be in the form of blackheads, whiteheads, papules, and nodules (1). Unsurprisingly, the market is overflowing with various products dubbed as the cure to acne, but sadly, they don’t always help due to their usage of chemicals that do the skin more harm than good. Is it all doomed then? Will you always have acne? The answer is a big NO, there exists numerous natural herbal treatment of acne that will not have some negative side effects on your skin—and Milk Thistle is one of them.

What are the Primary Active Compounds in Milk Thistle?

Silymarin and Silibinin are the two active milk thistle medicinal compounds. However, it is Silymarin that does most of the magic on the skin. This is because it has great antioxidant properties that may help get rid of acne by fighting the free radicals that contribute to acne formation (2). The oral antioxidant such as milk thistle extracts are also highly absorbable into the system and tackles acne impeccably.

Milk Thistle and Glutathione Production Enhancement

Glutathione are among the vital antioxidants that the body manufactures. It is responsible for safeguarding most cellular  such as the skin against most kinds of attacks. The attacks may be from heavy metals, lipid peroxides, and free radicals (all caused by reactive oxygen). Most patients suffering from acne usually have lower levels of glutathione than the average required. It is worth noting that glutathione is one of the most important detoxifying agents in the body. When it comes to acne, it will detoxify all skin contaminants thereby keeping the skin free from dirt that may lead to the clogging of the follicles.

How does glutathione detoxify?

Glutathione improves the body's detoxification systems, and therefore may be used to eradicate acne causing chemicals (3). For instance, heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury can cause acne. Hence the need for them to be flushed or put in a state that is not reactive with the cells. Mercury brings about massive inflammation, while arsenic increases dead skin cell turn over and keratin resulting in the clogged follicles, which ultimately leads to acne. Glutathione transfers molecules to these components, therefore, preventing them from reacting with the skin cells. It is imperative that you have adequate glutathione otherwise these metals will continue to cause acne breakouts over and over again. Milk thistle plays the role of increasing the glutathione levels, thereby keeping acne causing metals and chemical contaminants at bay.

Milk Thistle and Superoxide Dismutase Production Enhancement

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is another antioxidant that is vital in tackling acne. Its main function in the body is to deactivate the highly reactive and dangerous free radicals called the superoxides which are a nightmare to the skin. They are capable of inflaming your pimples, increasing clogging of pores and destabilizing skin cells leading to acne development. Superoxide dismutase comes in and does the opposite, it to break down the superoxides to ordinary, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen peroxides that the body can adequately deal with. This means that if the levels of SOD are suppressed, acne breakouts are bound to occur, as seen in many acne patients cases.  The importance of SOD as an antioxidant implies that it cannot be overlooked, and that is where milk thistle comes in. It boosts your red blood cells levels of SOD thereby helping in the fight against acne (4).

Also, by increasing bile production, the byproducts of the testosterone hormone could be flushed away rapidly. For those of you who may not know, testosterone is the leading hormone causing acne among the teens as it results in the overproduction of sebum. Besides, when its byproducts reach the skin, they promote the development of acne as they tend to clog up the pores. It is therefore important to ensure that testosterone and other hormonal byproducts are flushed away to guarantee the skin stays clear.

Milk Thistle and Cellular Inflammation Suppression

The anti-inflammatory properties of milk thistle draw a lot of plaudits from dermatologists. Its inflammatory action soothes skin irritation and calms redness associated with acne breakouts (5). It also has demulcent properties that may improve the texture of the skin to make it smooth and supple. This means that it will help relieve you of those ugly daunting scars associated with acne breakouts.

There you have it, the probable benefits of milk thistle in tackling acne. Milk thistle may be used to reduce acne in a unique way by boosting the body's natural mechanisms such as glutathione and DOD. Also, it has great anti-inflammatory properties that may be useful in maintaining skin glow. If you want smooth, acne-free, and blemish free skin, you should definitely consider milk thistle as one of the helpful products.

As the summer sun warms and shines, all who enter into the golden rays need to protect their skin. Protecting your skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays becomes a top priority. As revealed by many studies, the UVA and UVB radiations are bad for your skin. Besides the commonly feared skin-burning effect, these two sun radiations may cause premature aging, inflammation, early wrinkles, or worse, skin cancer (1, 2)! That’s why most people slather loads of sunscreens before hitting the outdoors. What most people don’t know is that most of these topical sunscreens are overloaded with some seriously dubious ingredients that can have adverse effects on their body.

Sunscreens started out with pasty Zinc Oxide, but this product wasn’t appreciated a lot by the users. Therefore, manufacturing companies created sunscreens that used chemicals to absorb the UV radiations as opposed to Zinc Oxide that deflected the rays back. Chemical sunscreens contain synthetic components such as octinoxate and oxybenzone that are absorbed into the skin to absorb and filter UV rays to effectively protect deeper layers of your skin. However, because such components are absorbed in your body, there is a higher chance that they can lead to skin irritation and other detrimental effects on your body. The chemicals have also been proven to generate cell-damaging free radicals when exposed to the sun.

According to Environmental Working Group (EWG), 75% of topical sunscreens in this billion dollar market contain ingredients that can be considered harmful to human health (3). Their analyses indicate that some of these ingredients act like estrogen and critically disrupt your hormones, while also stating that others cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. EWG has consistently examined the usefulness of sunscreens made in the United States for over ten years. And due to the poor federal rules that have been set by the FDA, the organization feels that most sunscreen products indeed cause more harm than good. This explains why even though the sunscreen market is exceedingly growing, the number of people who are diagnosed with melanoma also keep growing.

EWG and other researchers have reported severe differences between some sunscreens advertised UV protection and the real results tested in the lab. In most, the advertised SPF (Sun Protection Factor) does not deliver the promise of protection against sunburn. According to information from Consumer Reports, most sunscreen products in the market deliver less than half the promoted SPF, while others deliver from 4 to 40% of their promised value. The researchers also claimed that very few of the 20 tested sunscreens work effectively after being submerged in water (4). Besides, a wealth of evidence has shown that most sunscreens have ingredients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream, and have toxic effects. Some can cause skin irritation and other allergic reactions, while others can release damaging free radicals in sunlight.

So, what is the best SPF for effective sun protection? There are products in the market with SPFs ranging from zero to 90—however, as Dr. Elizabeth Hale of the Skin Cancer Foundation points out the UVB protection doesn’t increase proportionally with the SPF number. For example, a sunscreen with an SPF value of 15% screens 93% of UV rays, while an SPF value of 30 screens 97% of the rays; only 4% extra. Most dermatologists recommend an SPF value of 15, but if you are outdoors for prolonged period of time, an SPF of 30 minimum is suggested. If you are extremely sensitive to the sun or you’ve had skin cancer before, dermatologists recommend an SPF value of 50 minimum.

There is also probably something you didn’t know about SPF—it only protects you against UVB rays (ones that cause cancer) but doesn't shield you from UVA rays! You should, therefore, go for “Broad Spectrum” sunscreens that protect you from both UVB and UVA rays. Remember, UVA can penetrate plastic, glass, clouds, and most fabrics reflect of surfaces around us such as windshield, windows, sand, water, snow, and more. And just like water, sweat can wash away sunscreen making you more susceptible to burns. You should, remember to reapply your sunscreen approximately after every 2 hours. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) clothing can also help a great deal. These are special clothes designed to protect you against UV radiation (both UVA and UVB). Unlike regular clothing, UPF clothes provide you with at least 98% blockages of incoming ultraviolet rays.

What are some of the most dangerous sunscreen ingredients out there?

• • Paraben Preservatives—parabens are highly linked with both chronic and acute side effects. Scientists have shown that they can induce allergic reactions, cause developmental and reproductive toxicity, as well as cause hormone disruption. Studies have also shown that some types of paraben mimic the activities of the hormone estrogen, and while estrogenic activities are linked with certain types of breast cancer, it is interesting to note that parabens have been found present in breast tumors (5).
• • Octocrylene—when this sunscreen ingredient is exposed to sunlight, it absorbs the radiations and produce oxygen radicals that can damage the body cells and cause mutation. There have also been reports in the literature about Octocrylene causing irritation, contact dermatitis in children, and photo-allergic contact dermatitis in adults (6, 7). It is also said that this is one of the easiest chemical to be absorbed in the skin and may be accumulated in the body in huge amounts.
• • Homosalate—this ingredient is widely used in sunscreens today as well as other skin products with SPF. Studies have labeled this chemical element as a potential endocrine disruptor, while other studies suggest that it may cause hormone disruption. In addition to its direct health concerns, this Homosalate is also said to enhance the absorption of pesticides in the body. 
• • Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A Palmitate)—like vitamin A, this ingredient, found in most sunscreen products is an antioxidant. Its function is to improve sunscreens’ performance against the aging effects caused by the UVA radiations. However, when exposed to such radiations, Retinyl Palmitate breaks down to produce free radicals that are harmful to body cells, may damage the DNA, and may also lead to cancer. EWG rates this chemical as highly toxic to human especially as a developmental and reproductive toxin (8).
• • Octinoxate—solid studies have proven that Octinoxate has a negative impact on the endocrine system, which is key in keeping the hormonal balance in check. Since it is absorbed really easily and fast in the body, this sunscreen ingredient increases the development of estrogen in the cell, which is a concern as high levels of estrogen are normally associated with the development of breast cancer. EWG rates this as a moderate hazard which can lead to developmental and reproductive toxicity (9).
• • Oxybenzone—this is one of the most common ingredients in today’s sunscreens according to EWG (80%). It is primarily used as a penetration enhancer. The compound has been shown to penetrate the skin’s deeper layers and cause photo-sensitivity (10). The EWG and other toxicology experts believe that Oxybenzone can lead to hormone disruption and has a potential to damage cells, which may lead to certain types of cancers.

The topic of sunscreen and the dangers in brings to the human is a loaded one. To be clear, we aren’t implying that all sunscreens out there are harmful, we’re only pointing out that some of the chemicals used are potentially menacing. Besides, more and more studies and evidence about the dangers of many sunscreens continue to emerge with most linking them to skin cancer.

The sun emits harmful ultraviolet rays in the form of Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB) and the Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) rays (1). The intensity of Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) ranges from 320-400 nm, depending on the time of day, seasons, and weather conditions. UVA rays have the capability of penetrating glass and even the thickest of clouds, so an effective sunscreen is absolutely vital. UVA rays attack the thickest layer of the skin (dermis) causing freckles, premature wrinkles, irregular pigmentation, skin dryness, leathery skin texture, and loose of skin elasticity (1).

On the other hand, the intensity of Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB) ranges between 290-320 nm also depending on the time, seasons, and weather conditions. These rays attack the superficial layers of the skin causing sunburns and skin reddening (1). More worryingly, high exposure to UVB rays leads to the development of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that UV radiation has been responsible for 90% of all skin cancer cases! So, how do you deal with ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

Ask anyone out there, and he/she will not lack an answer to this. I mean, the market is literally overflowing with sunscreens and products dubbed as the ultimate UV protection. Sorry to pop your bubble but a majority of these products contain chemicals that are poisonous to the skin, and will do you more harm than good. However, the use of herbal products and extracts have risen drastically over the last decade, as people become aware of the untapped potential in that sector. One of the key ingredients in this holistic approach is the pomegranate.

What is Pomegranate?

The pomegranate is a deciduous plant in the family Lythraceae that grows between 5 and 8 meters tall. It originates from northern Africa, and then it spreading across the globe. Its fruits are a round shape with a striking crimson color. They also contain many seeds that have immense benefits to the body, particularly the skin. Today, the roots, bark, flowers, seeds, oil, peel, and juice have been used for various medicinal and beauty purposes. In terms of tackling ultraviolet radiation, pomegranate is, without doubt, a super shrub.

How is it a Sunscreen?

The secret weapon of this ingredient is its high content in terms of antioxidant (polyphenols).  These antioxidant properties may help protect against UV radiation by removing the damaging oxidizing agents and the free radical radicals that come due to over exposure to UV rays (2). Besides, it increases the production of glutathione (a powerful antioxidant produced by the body) thereby making the skin stronger to deal with the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays.

Pomegranates contain ellagic acid that may protect the skin from cell damage resulting from the sun's UVA and UVB rays (2). For instance, it protects against UV-induced damage to keratinocytes (predominant cell type in the epidermis).

Based on studies, the pomegranate deals with UVA-induced skin damage by moderating phosphorylation in cellular pathways. This is because if not modulated, there will be a release of oxidative species that bring about horrifying effects on the skin such as photo-aging. Moreover, it could protect against hyperpigmentation (serious dark spots on the skin) caused when the skin becomes overexposed to UV rays.

Pomegranate could also help in stimulating collagen production, keratinocyte proliferation, and inhibiting the enzyme that degrades collagen (matrix metalloproteinases) (3). Collagen is the main structure found in the skin that gives it its shape and elasticity. When it degrades, the skin loses its elasticity and firmness causing sagging and wrinkling. Pomegranates may promote the thickening of the epidermal layer making it less penetrable by the UVA and UVB rays.

Pomegranates act as an anti-aging agent by helping regenerate the skin cells damaged by the UV light. It also helps slow down the aging process by making fibroblasts (help in the formation of elastin and collagen) stronger and more active (4). UV rays attack fibroblast reducing their lifespan. This results in low production of elastin and collagen which increases the skin aging process.

The pomegranate may also protect against skin cancer, caused by UVB rays (5). Studies have proven that the molecules found in pomegranates (anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins) have the capability of preventing skin cancer and tumor development. Pomegranates also have anti-inflammatory properties that may heal and soothe the skin when it is inflamed. Sunburns caused by UVB rays cause skin inflammation, redness, and promotes the development of skin cancer as they attack the superficial layers of the skin. Whether taken in as a fruit or through its topical extracts, you gain protection from the deadly ultraviolet radiation.

The benefits of pomegranate are extensive and far reaching. Its distinctive ruby-red jewel-like seeds have been used for pharmaceutical purposes for generations. But most importantly for this topic, it may offer benefits against one thing that most people fear, Ultraviolet radiation. UV adverse effects such as photo-aging, skin aging, skin cancer, sunburns, and hyperpigmentation give countless people headaches. Pomegranate may also eradicate all these detrimental effects and what's more, you will not have to break the bank due to consumer friendly prices of the fruit and its extracts.

The sun is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it offers us vital vitamins that are essential for the body such as vitamin D. On the other hand, excessive exposure to Ultraviolet radiation (UV) can have detrimental effects on the body. Examples of these are skin cancer, photoaging, and skin aging. Let’s start with highlight how the sun affects the skin.

The sun emits harmful ultraviolet rays in the form of Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) and Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB). UVA has the potential of penetrating the dermis (the skin's thickest layer) causing skin aging and wrinkling (photoaging) (1). Surprisingly, UVA rays can penetrate the thickest clouds and the glass!

Unfortunately, UVB rays are the main culprits of skin reddening and sunburns, because it attacks the skin's superficial epidermal layers. On top of that, these rays have been proven to be one of the major causes of deadly skin cancer. This has been proven by studies that report the UVB rays to causes 90% of all skin cancer cases!

How is Green Tea Helpful?

There exist numerous tales about how to protect oneself from the ultraviolet radiation. But today, the emphasis will be on a product that does not have devastating side effects on human bodies, this is unlike most chemical products on the market. To start with, it is not even chemically processed but rather a naturally occurring product—Green tea extract. The legacy of green tea just goes on and on, with new discoveries of its powers being formulated with each passing day.

Scientists have confirmed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of green tea. The latest studies now confirm that green tea extract (taken orally or applied topically) has the capability of protecting you from ultraviolet rays. Quit amazing, right?

Green tea contains water-extractable polyphenols such as catechins (molecules belonging to the flavonoid family) that have immense benefits. The primary type of catechins found in green tea extracts is epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG). Other polyphenols include epicatechin (EC) and epicatechingallate (ECG). However, it is EGCG that does most of the magic when it comes to the skin's protection from the harmful ultraviolet rays. According to reports from the British Journal of Nutrition, the active compounds found in green tea make the skin more resistant to ultraviolet radiation (2).

How does this happen? Well, recent studies have asserted that flavonoids found in green tea tend to absorb the harmful ultraviolet rays before they cause damage to the skin surface. In most cases, when the skin is exposed to too much ultraviolet radiation, sunburns (characterized by skin becoming red, swollen and painful to touch) will occur. Almost everyone has been affected by sunburns at one time in his/her lifetime. Well, don’t worry anymore; because green tea extract will offer you the protection you crave by giving you the opportunity to enjoy your vacation, instead of worrying about sunburn.

Another fascinating way that green tea extract protects your skin is by warding off sun-induced signs of aging.  Premature skin aging can be in the form of wrinkling, loss of skin elasticity, skin thinning, and leathery skin.  The compounds in green tea extracts such as EGCG have been shown to make the skin cells stronger and increase the skin's collagen level (3). Collagen is the skin's main structural protein that gives it its strength and elasticity thereby curbing skin sagging and wrinkling.  It is therefore imperative that the level of collagen does not diminish, and that is when green tea extract is necessary.  

Green tea extract may also have the potential to reverse skin damage caused by ultraviolet rays. YES, green tea extract has passed studies showing that the spots and scars caused by the UVA and UBVB rays on the skin can be cleared by green tea extract. Medical reports have proven that green tea extract has the ability to repair and reverse ultraviolet radiation damage on the skin, making you look young again. The extract does this by rebuilding the support tissues of the skin, making the skin more smooth and supple, and possibly reducing wrinkles.

Green tea extract may also protect and develop keratinocytes (the skin cells that make up 90% of the epidermis). This results in the thickening of the skin, which leads to fewer and fewer wrinkles and ultimately restoring your skin’s youthfulness and glow. 

Ultraviolet radiation can also attacks the epidermal cells and damage your DNA. This raises the chances of developing skin cancer. When the immune system is low and the DNA is damaged, it results in harmful oxidation and inflammation that produces the ideal environment for the development of cancer cells. Studies have indeed proven that the harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV) cause diseased skin cancer such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. It also causes pre-cancerous skin conditions such as actinic Keratosis.

Green tea extract may also increase the skin's immune system, protect against DNA damage, and compounds such as EGCG may reduce the metabolic changes of the skin associated with the development of cancer (4). Green tea extracts quench the free radicals and lower inflammation levels, therefore, removing the opportunistic conditions for the development of skin cancer.

The benefits of green tea extract to your health may be extensive, from protecting against premature skin aging, to inhibiting skin cancers. Quite simply, green tea extract is one product that should not be lacking in your daily life. You can utilize its benefit by taking it directly as green tea, or you can obtain it in balanced proportions from supplements.

Exposure to the sun comes with the good and the bad. On one hand, exposure to sunlight makes us feel great, elated and illuminates our skin. Who wouldn't want to sunbathe in Ibiza? On the other hand, exposure to excessive sunlight comes along with some detrimental repercussions.  Not only does it increase the skin aging process but it can also result in skin cancer!

Dr. Manish Khanna, a Canadian dermatologist mentions that UV rays are the number one cause of skin problems; from irritation to premature skin aging. For Dr. Khanna a suntan is much more about the damage than bringing about a "healthy glow." It has indeed been proven one the greatest causes of skin cancer and skin aging is UVA and UVB rays (1, 2)!

The World Health Organization has stressed this assertion by classifying the sun's ultraviolet radiation as "carcinogenic to humans." How this happens is a mystery to many, but the one thing that is universally agreed is that ultraviolet rays are harmful to the humans and causes skin aging and accelerates the risk of skin cancer (3).

What is Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation?

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a type of radiation produced by the sun and some (although rarely known) artificial sources such as solariums. The sun’s radiation is regarded as the number one cause of eye damage, premature aging, sunburn, and skin damage leading to skin cancer. There are two dominant types of UV rays that affect the skin— the Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) rays and the Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB) rays. Skin sunburn is caused primarily by the UVB rays. These rays are considered the deadliest as they cause the most photo-damage and lead to skin cancer (4).

UVA rays, on the other hand, penetrate deep into the skin causing rapid aging of the skin (5), albeit its contribution to sunburn and eventually skin cancer is minimal. All in all, most studies (6) have demonstrated that sun’s exposure accelerates the skin aging process by promoting the "extrinsic aging" branding it as one of the primary cause of premature aging.

How does UV Radiation Cause Skin Aging?

When UVA rays penetrate the skin to the dermis (the thickest layer of the skin), it results in the mutation and division of the skin cells producing melanin. This results in irregular pigmentation, freckles, premature wrinkles, as well as cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. All these cause loosening (laxity) and stretching; which are the aspects of premature aging (photo-aging) (7). Cell damage as a result of excessive UV rays exposure implies that the skin cells will no longer repair or nourish themselves. This is because the UV rays not only impair the synthesis of new collagen but also breaks down its production.

The UVAs also alter the elastin fibers, the other supportive tissue apart from collagen. When those two tissues are affected, the skin loses its flexibility and elasticity which leads to loosening (8). In a nutshell, some of the consequences of UV exposure to the skin include:

• Dryness of the skin
• Freckles
• Vascular disorders
• Lack of elasticity
• Sagging skin
• Wrinkled and loose skin
• Leathery skin texture
• Telangiectasia
• Pigmentation heterogeneities
• Elastosis

How Does UV Radiation Cause Skin Cancer?

The most prevalent type of cancer in the world is skin cancer, and its numbers are worryingly hiking every single day. As aforementioned, the UVB rays are the central cause of sunburns which eventually lead to melanoma cancer. The UVA, on the other hand, penetrates the dermis causing immune suppression, photoaging, and genetic cell damage. These rays also affect the process of cell division which leads to uncontrolled growth of the epidermal skin cells leading to malignant or benign tumors. This means that even without sunburn, the UV rays can still cause skin cancer.

Ultraviolet radiation exposure has been noted as the primary cause of skin cancer. It can be experienced in three main ways; Basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. They can be broadly be classified as either non-melanoma or melanoma skin cancer. A certain study has indeed shown that 90% of non-melanoma and 86% of melanoma skin cancer is as a result of UV radiation (9).  Melanoma is the severer of the two and develops in the melanocytes. Melanomas can grow very quickly if left untreated—an aspect that highlights its severity. Besides, the moment the tumor grows through a lymph vessel, there is a higher possibility that the cancer cells will break off and rapidly spread to other body parts.

The non-melanoma skin cancers are all other cancers that occur on the skin that are not melanoma. These too can be invasive and rapidly grow across the skin's surface if not treated well in advance. But the best thing about these cancers is that they are treatable and manageable. It is important to note some of the symptoms associated with skin cancer as the treatment process is much easier during the early stages rather than during later stages. The symptoms of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer tend to vary. Below is a list of symptoms that indicate you either have melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer and you should seek medical help as soon as possible;

• Brown scar lesion
• Waxy bump(s)
• Crusted surface
• A firm red nodule
• Dark lesions all over the body
• Brownish spots
• A mole that is constantly changing in size, texture or bleeds occasionally (10).

We often associate a beautiful complexion with good health, but as we’ve seen, skin color obtained from the sun—or in a tanning booth—can increase the risk of developing skin cancer or accelerate the effects of aging. The two main culprits in these two processes are UVA and UVB rays. UVA radiations penetrate deeper into the skin and are responsible for photo-aging. Conversely, UVB radiations are more lethal and are responsible for the majority of sunburns which causes melanoma—the most serious type of skin cancer. Staying protected against these two types of radiations is an absolute necessity. Besides wearing protective clothing and seeking the shades, we recommend that you protect your skin against sunburn with everyday nutrients such as green tea extracts!

Summer is the easiest time of the year for many people, but it is also the easiest time to get exposed to harmful UVA & UVB rays. It is already a common fact that these two are the deadliest culprits in causing skin damage, or worse—skin cancer—and the number of those who are affected keep growing by the day. So how do you protect yourself from UVA & UVB rays?

First things first, this article DOES NOT advise against sun exposure; it only recommends ways through which you can protect yourself from the detrimental effects of these rays. Remember, sunshine only becomes damaging when you get excessive UVA & UVB rays, otherwise conservative daily sunshine for vitamin D is critical cornerstone for perfect health (1). What you should actually be wary of is the application of topical, chemical-laden sunscreens that have clogged the market today. Laboratory studies have indicated that most of these SPF-fortified moisturizers and topical-sunscreens mimic your bodily hormones which can result in unintended human health consequence such as sunscreen-related allergies, skin damage, as well as skin cancer (2).

What is the difference between UVA and UVB rays?

The sunlight is made up of two UV radiations: the Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB) rays and the Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) rays. UVA account for up to 95% of the ultraviolet rays that reaches the earth surface meaning that we are exposed these rays than the UVB rays. And although they are less intense than the UVB rays, these rays penetrate the skin deeper to the dermis, the skin’s thickest layer. Excessive exposure to UVA rays normally leads to wrinkling, skin aging (photo-aging), and the clampdown of the immunity system. On the other hand, UVB rays normally burn the shallow layer of your skin which plays a critical role in the development of skin cancer. The intensity of the UVB rays varies by time of the day (with peak hours being 10 am to 4 Pm) as well as location and season.

Protective Measures

You should seek preventive measures against UV rays protection at all times, whether you are outdoors or indoors. Always seek the shade while you are conduction your outdoor activities, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM. You should also dress to limit exposure—there are special clothes with UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) that indicate how much UVA or UVB rays can penetrate the fabric. Glasses and hats are also recommended. Sunscreens are also helpful, but this is an area where we put alarming question marks! Do you take a moment to understand what components make up the sunscreens you smear on your skin?

According to Environmental Working Group (EWG), 75% of topical sunscreens out there contain toxic chemicals that increase your risk of skin cancer and other health issues (3). According to their analysis, some ingredients used in most sunscreen products have detrimental toxic effects when absorbed into the bloodstream. Some act as estrogen and greatly disrupt your hormones, while others cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. Recent studies have also linked convectional sunscreens with ingredients such as PABA, methoxycinnamate, and oxybenzone estrogenic chemicals that are strongly linked to skin cancer (4). This explains why millions of people around the world are diagnosed with skin cancer every year even though most confess to using sunscreens religiously. The following chemical components in some sunscreen products have each been linked with one or the other damaging effect on your skin and general health. If your sunscreen contain one of these, kick it out of your beauty cabinet!

• • Parabens
• • Methoxycinnamate
• • Octocrylene
• • Menthyl anthranilate
• • Homosalate
• • Phenylbenzimidazole
• • Dioxybenzone
• • Cinoxate
• • Oxybenzone
• • Octyl salicyclate
• • Para amino benzoic acid

Nutritional Ways to Fight UV Rays

Sunscreen is a big business; we all know that. There seems to be an underlying idea that sun exposure leads to skin cancer and that conventional sunscreens are the cure. However, most recent and credible studies point to the contrary as we have already seen. Now we turn to the best, safest ways to protect yourself from harmful UV rays with every day nutrition.—yes, everyday diets can be the perfect sunscreen for you! In this article, we focus on some of the best vitamins that act as sunscreens from the inside out.

Vitamins A, C, and E have been proven to curb some of the most damaging effects of the free radicals caused by the UVA and UVB rays. These antioxidants protect the skin’s molecular targets by rummaging the oxygen species, suppress cellular and tissue responses such as inflammation, and also modulate stress-dependent signaling. For instance, eating green foods that are rich in Vitamin C while also munching on almonds to boost your Vitamin E intake have been seen to boost your from damages caused by the UV rays (5). And because Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, it has been said to be important for both a sunscreen and a cancer-fighting vitamin. It is vital to obtain these essential vitamins from foods such as broccoli, red pepper, cantaloupe, and spinach (for vitamin A and C). You can also get Vitamin E from some of these foods, but the best sources include broccoli, spinach, peanut, hazelnuts, almonds, and sunflower seeds.

There you have it folks; the basic things you need to know about UVA and UVB rays, how they are harmful to your skin, and how you can protect yourself against their harmful effects. It is important to note that the sun does not cause skin cancer, it is excessive exposure to its harmful UV rays that does the damage. Getting a moderate amount of sunshine daily is actually very helpful as it is the best source of Vitamin D3 (Calciferol)—which not only makes your skin radiant, but is also essential in boosting the immune system (6), improve your mood, and help fight certain types of cancers. We have taken you through some of the essential vitamins that can act as sunscreens for your summer needs. Make sure you fill up your grocery basket with some of these items.

It is a common myth out there that the sun is hazardous to your skin and Silymarin Caused by UV Radiation! However, this is not entirely correct, the sun provides the body with the vital vitamin D which gives your skin a glow.The bad news is, the sun emits harmful ultraviolet rays that can be damaging, especially to the skin. Think about sunburns—painful and horrid! Right?

What are Ultraviolet Radiations?

Ultraviolet (UV) radiations are types of radiations produced by the sun and some superficial sources such as solariums. These radiations are the number one cause of eye damage, premature aging, sunburn, and other skin damages that lead to skin cancers, both melanoma skin cancer and non-melanoma. Ultraviolet rays that reach the earth's surface are in the form of Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) and Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB). UVA attacks the thickest layer of the skin (dermis) causing photoaging and skin aging. Photoaging manifests itself through skin thinning, leathery skin, loss of elasticity and skin wrinkling among others (1). UVB rays, on the other hand, attack the superficial epidermal layer of the skin causing skin reddening, sunburns and more worryingly, skin cancer (2).

So, how do you protect yourself from these harmful ultraviolet rays?

The theories on how to protect yourself against ultraviolet rays are endless. Therefore, it’s not a surprise that the beauty industry is blossoming with each passing day as people are constantly looking for solutions to "sun's protection." Sorry to burst your bubble but majority of sun care products in the market today are chemically processed, and this makes them more likely to have adverse side effects on the skin. Truth be told, it is really disappointing to pin your hopes on a product that has been highly advertised only to find out it was just a marketing hype as the product does not live up to its expectations. Which path do you take? The answer is never simple, but we believe in taking natural supplements that are chemical-free! There are plenty of nutrients out there that have been proven to offer numerous health benefits, one amongst them being protection against the harmful ultraviolet rays. Let’s look at one of such products—Silymarin.

What is Silymarin?

Silymarin Caused by UV Radiation? Silymarin is a single constituent of Silybummarianum (milk thistle).It is also found in different species of the Aster family of plants. It is a polyphenolic flavonoid that possesses a white to slightly yellow plant pigment. White thistle gets its name from the white fluid that comes out of it when any its parts are cut. Nowadays the plant can be found in almost all areas across the globe with a warm climate, although it's native to the Mediterranean. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it has been used medically for decades to treat various ailments such as gall bladder disorders and liver problems. Recent research has proven that Silymarin has the potential to protect the skin from the adverse effects of UV radiation (2).

How Does Silymarin Protect against UV Radiations?

The three phytochemicals found in Silymarin include the silicristin, silidianin, and silybin(the most active of the phytochemical) (2). As aforementioned, UVA and UVB rays cause skin aging and photoaging. Photoaging comes as a result of premature wrinkling of the skin, loss of skin elasticity, discoloration, lines, and dark spots. Once the dermis is attacked, elastin's and collagen (primary proteins for skin firmness) become decomposed, and their production becomes abnormal. In an effort to curb this, the body produces enzymes to rebuild the damaged proteins, but due to malfunctioning, the enzymes end up initiating the decomposition reaction causing a saggy, wrinkly skin. The good news is that the compounds found in Silymarin may have the capability of preventing and undoing the damage inflicted upon by those rays (3). When the skin cells are protected against UV radiation, they will not lose their elasticity thereby delaying premature aging and formation of wrinkles.

Silymarin may also protect against skin cancer caused by UV radiations (4). UVB rays are the chief instigators of skin cancer as they attack the skin superficial layer. First, they cause sunburns (a clear sign that the skin's DNA has been damaged). Also, exposure to UV radiation causes acute inflammation, and as the skin cells try to repair the damaged tissues, chronic inflammation occurs (due to the release of enzymes). Continued DNA and skin cells damage cause skin cancers (melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer). Recent studies have shown that the compounds found in Silymarin have impressive steroidal efficacy against skin inflammation (5). Silymarin reduces the UV-induced sunburn cell formation that leads to the development of skin cancer. Also, Silymarin inhibits ultraviolet radiation and blocks DNA skin damage caused by UVB rays. It is proven to curb UVB-induced oxidative stress and immune suppression that leads to continued DNA damage. All these have been attributed to the inhibitory, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant properties of Silymarin.

For those already suffering from skin cancer, Silymarin is may just be an ideal herb. Scientists have indeed proved that Silymarin has a remarkable antitumor effect. Based on these studies, the number of tumors as a result of skin cancer reduces significantly when using Silymarin as it may protect against skin tumor promotion (5). In doing so, it may impede cancer cell growth thus ensuring that cancer does not develop in other areas. Besides, by repairing the DNA damage caused by UVB radiation, it may speed up your recovery process.

Even though protecting yourself from excessive sunlight is crucial, you shouldn’t limit your outdoor activities for fears of sunburn. Research has shown that milk thistle and Silymarin may be able to safeguard you from Long Wave Ultraviolet (UVA) and Short Wave Ultraviolet (UVB) and their detrimental effects on the skin such as skin aging, photoaging and skin cancers. As seen, Silymarin has antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-ageing properties and anti-cancerous properties that may protect you against the harmful effects of UV radiation.